ONE Oscillator Dynamics
نویسنده
چکیده
A well-designed free-running oscillator provides a periodic signal of constant amplitude and frequency fo from the energy delivered by direct-current (dc) sources. This has an immediate application for the realization of local oscillators used in the frequency-conversion stages of communication systems [1]. In receivers, the modulated signal at radio-frequency (RF) fRF is mixed with the output of a local oscillator at fo, selecting the intermodulation product that corresponds to the frequency difference fIF = fRF − fo, This allows down-conversion of the carrier frequency from fRF to fIF. An analogous procedure is followed in transmitters. The intermediate frequency fIF is mixed with the output of the local oscillator, selecting the intermodulation product fRF = fIF + fo. This allows up-conversion of the carrier frequency. The free-running oscillator is usually inserted into a phase-locked loop for this application [2]. A single oscillator having dc sources only is said to operate in free-running mode. However, other forms of behavior are possible. In injection-locked operation [3], the oscillation is synchronized with an independent periodic source, which means that the oscillation frequency, influenced by the input source, becomes equal to the input frequency fo = fin, with a constant phase shift between the oscillation and the input signal. The injection-locked mode is used for phase noise reduction, frequency division, or phase shifting. In coupled operation, several oscillators are interconnected by means of linear coupling networks [4] and oscillate in a synchronous manner. Coupled-oscillator systems can be used for power combination
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